8. Antimony substitutes
Environmental concerns in particular are encouraging the use and development of antimony substitutes, although their use often leads to less effective results.
Hydrated aluminum oxide or various organic compounds can be substituted for antimony in halogenated flame retardants.
Recent lead-calcium and lithium batteries are antimony-free.
In some alloys, such as antifriction alloys, antimony is replaced by other elements such as Cd, Ca, Cu, Se, S, Sn, Al and Pb, which can also contribute to hardness and strength.
Cd, Cr, Sn, Ti, Zn and Zr are also possible competitors for antimony in the manufacture of enamels and pigments.
Numerous plastic stabilizers containing Ba, Cd, Ca, Pb, Sn in various combinations are finally competing with antimony-containing mercaptides....
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Antimony substitutes
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Economic data
1. Antimony mining and recycling
China is by far the world's leading antimony producer (table 1 ), accounting for 90% of global production in 2014, compared with 87% in 2001 [19]. The severe flooding in 2004, which temporarily shut down the main Hunan mines and forced China to temporarily...
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