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The cold chain is a succession of operations carried out under controlled temperature by means of refrigeration equipment and is constituted by different links from the harvest or the manufacture of the product to its consumption. Maintaining food products at a low temperature extends products shelf life and allows to deliver perishable foodstuffs to consumers in good hygienic, nutritional and organoleptic conditions. This article on the cold chain of refrigerated and frozen foods first discusses the preservation processes for different types of products (meat, fish, fruits and vegetables), and then discusses the different links in the cold chain (storage, transport and logistics platform, presentation for sale ...) as well as their main characteristics.

The aim of this article is to provide a brief presentation of the theoretical basis of the reactions of polymerization. Due to their great diversity, polymers can be classified into several major classifications according to the selected criterium: origin, type of architecture, structure of the patterns, etc. Simple notions, specificities and examples of step-reactions and chain-reactions of polymers are presented. It then deals with the five main techniques leading to the industrial synthesis of polymers with a presentation of the current trends.

The development of biobased epoxy resins and the replacement of the diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A, the most widely used epoxy monomer, are challenges for the industry to comply with regulatory requirements and societal expectations. However, this substitution is accompanied by changes in the reactivity of the formulation and the final properties of the materials. This article proposes to detail the stakes of this substitution, as well as a detailed review of the research work carried out by academic laboratories, as well as of the commercial products in development to propose ways of access to less harmful and more respectful epoxy materials. of the environment.

Pool boiling refers to boiling on a heated wall that is immersed in a fluid that would otherwise be quiescent if no thermal stress were imposed. The present article starts with an introduction on the fundamentals of the thermodynamics of two-phase liquid-vapor systems. Then, the heat transfer mechanisms that govern boiling heat transfer are described along with heat transfer laws. The case of heat transfer during boiling of multicomponent mixtures is also dealt with. Finally, the specificities of boiling in a confined space as well as low pressure boiling are presented.

The article [IA 3020] laid the foundations: architecture, business-oriented KPIs and calibrated abstention policy. This article details thehow, presenting a five-step methodology : operational-domain scoping, documentary governance, agentic design, integration-verification-validation-qualification (IVVQ), operational maintenance, punctuated by four decision gates (W0 through W3) each requiring measurable evidence for progression. An end-to-end illustrative scenario demonstrates how these principles translate into concrete deliverables and quantifiable outcomes. The mapping to the Confiance.ai Body of Knowledge and the EU AI Act facilitates dialogue with quality departments and regulatory authorities.

This article addresses the economic aspects of managing sludge from wastewater treatment. It analyses the various internal costs - investment, operation, finance and administration - and external costs - environmental and health -, as well as opportunity costs. It details the economic tools that can inform decision-making between different options, emphasises the importance of internalising externalities through taxes and standards, and considers the impact on water prices. It emphasises the need for a comprehensive approach that considers sustainability, public health protection, and social solidarity.

This article aims to describe all the unit processes in water treatment systems. These treatments can range from simple roughing for wash water to advanced treatment for obtaining ultrapure water in the pharmaceutical industry, including clarification or refining treatments for drinking water. Applications in several industries, including paper mills, aerospace, food processing, and steelmaking, illustrate the diversity of these processes.

Carbon tracking for utilities is part of the “Emissions Inventory” phase of the regulatory GHG report (BEGES) and the energy review under ISO 50001, while also contributing to the non-financial reporting required by the CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive).But how do you convert meter readings into reliable GHG emissions? And how can you use these emissions as a decision-making criterion for your utility investments? Energy managers, HSE managers, industrial management controllers, technical directors… you want to implement an operational carbon tracking system for your site’s utilities and integrate it into investment decision-making criteria, in accordance with ISO 14064-1 and the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard.

Mobility is a major source of emissions (passenger travel and freight transport) and a key factor in business continuity (site access, deliveries, HR attractiveness –, human resources). Low-Emission Zones (LEZs) aim to restrict the movement of the highest-emitting vehicles within certain areas, typically based on Crit’Air stickers. An effective strategy combines regulatory compliance (LEZs), travel efficiency (avoidance/reduction), optimization (better organization), and substitution (more efficient modes of transport, low-emission vehicles), based on data (travel surveys, fleet data, and full-cost analysis).

On July 14, 2021, the European Commission unveiled its “Fit for 55” legislative package. This European requirement and the CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) require companies to integrate decarbonization, energy performance, and ESG reporting into their strategy, governance, and investments. This practical guide provides step-by-step instructions to help you align your operational processes, carbon footprint calculations, and governance with these new European requirements. By investing the time needed to read and apply this guide, you will transform a compliance requirement into a driver of overall performance. You will master dual materiality to identify your climate risks and market opportunities.