Photovoltaic market
Photovoltaic electricity . Materials and Markets

Long before photovoltaics became a reliable source of grid-connected power, it was largely used to provide electricity in remote areas beyond the reach of electricity grids. These systems are mainly used to power communications relays, beacons, security devices and other systems via battery storage (figure 14 a and 14 b). Other applications include water pumping, lighting, refrigeration, etc. (figure 14 c and