Timber frame installation
Cladding on load-bearing masonry or concrete structures

The network of rafters used to lay the skin or cladding forms a new vertical reference plane.

To create this structure, or support, the rafters are placed on fixed or adjustable brackets. When the verticality and flatness of the support surface and the thickness of the rafters allow, the rafters can be fixed directly using a through fastener. This is commonly used on exposed first floors. The fastener is positioned in the centerline of the rafter, passing through its entire thickness (figure 25 ).