5. Choice of ground-screen friction angle δ
The angle of friction between the ground and the screen depends on two main factors: the roughness of the screen surface in relation to the ground, and the direction of relative movement between these two elements. If there is no movement between the ground and the screen, the angle of friction is zero.
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Examples
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Backfill behind a retaining wall: when backfilling behind a properly founded wall, the backfill settles, causing the soil to move relative to the wall. In this case, the angle of friction, known as the thrust angle
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Choice of ground-screen friction angle δ