Glossary
Soil actions on a retaining wall

Friction angle; Angle de frottement

Noted ϕ, the internal angle of shear resistance of a soil, which defines its capacity to resist failure under a given stress.

Angle de frottement interne; Angle of internal friction

Rated $\varphi ’$It measures soil resistance to shear failure, crucial for the design of foundations and retaining structures.

Stop; Passive earth pressure

Pressure exerted by soil on a structure when the soil resists movement of the structure. Unlike active thrust, abutment occurs when the structure attempts to compress the surrounding soil.

Mohr's circles; Mohr's circles

Mohr's circles are graphical representations of stress states in soil, used to analyze failure and equilibrium conditions in soils.

Shear stress

Force per unit...