Force-Feedback Interfaces
Specifications and applications of force feedback interfaces: general introduction and teleoperation

There are many environments in which humans cannot intervene directly, particularly when the environment is hostile (nuclear industry, space, deep offshore, etc.) or inaccessible on a human scale (e.g., minimally invasive surgery, microsurgery, manipulation of micro- and nano-objects). To operate in such environments, robots must be used. However, despite continuous technical progress, robots still lack the capabilities to autonomously carry out complex missions—which leave ample room for the unexpected—with a satisfactory level of reliability and safety. To adapt to the diversity of situations encountered and the variety of tasks to be performed, solutions are needed that allow for remote and interactive control, keeping the human operator in the loop. These solutions...