The Life Cycle of EV-LIBs in the EU Regulations
EU Regulations for Electric Vehicle Batteries toward Circular Economy

Studying and understanding the life cycle of EV-LIBs helps in identifying the role of each actor in contributing to achieving CE in the different stages of the process. The new EU document regulates these life cycle stages. In this section, we present the life cycle of the EV-LIBs and how the new regulation affects the main actors. Figure  2 shows the life cycle stages from manufacturing to end life, and the related EU regulation articles for each actor.