Effects on biodiversity
Impacts of plant protection products on biodiversity

PPP contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems entails a risk of exposure for the organisms present in these different environments. The routes of exposure to PPPs are multiple (respiratory, dietary, dermal) and vary according to the type of organism and the properties of the environment in which it is found, as well as the type of PPP and its distribution and fate in the various compartments (soil, surface water, sediment, air, biota, etc.). Whatever the type of environment considered, organisms are generally exposed to different PPPs (including, in some cases, transformation products, adjuvants and co-formulants), either simultaneously or successively (with more or less frequent exposure), depending in particular on the temporality of the use of these substances and their fate