Evolving equipment and scaling up
Sonochemistry: innovations and challenges

The equipment used to generate ultrasound is called a "transducer" and is based on the properties of piezoelectric materials, which convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical vibration is then transmitted into the liquid medium in the form of an ultrasonic wave (figure 10 ). These transducers use the inverse piezoelectric effect of natural or synthetic single crystals (such as quartz) or ceramics dispersed with barium titanate (BaTiO ₃ ), lead metaniobate (PbNb ₂ O _...