Nanofluid preparation
Nanofluids for thermal applications

There are numerous processes for manufacturing nanoparticles. They fall into two categories:

• physical processes, such as mechanical grinding;

• chemical processes, such as laser pyrolysis or chemical precipitation [9][13].

In general, nanoparticles used for nanofluid synthesis are based on oxides, nitrides, carbides, pure metals or alloys, or carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Composite particles can also be made from polymers.

Table 1 shows a non-exhaustive list of combinations of nanoparticles and base fluids prepared by various research groups.

There are two main methods for producing nanofluids:

• the two-step method involves first producing the nanoparticles,...