2. Lithium niobate modulators
2.1 The material and its production
2.1.1 Lithium niobate structure
The lithium niobate crystal has two phases, one paraelectric above the Curie temperature (1210°C), the other ferroelectric below this temperature. The paraelectric phase can be represented as layers of oxygen anions O2– arranged in a hexagonal stack, between which lithium and niobium cations are inserted at mid-distance between two oxygen layers. This equidistance disappears in the ferroelectric phase, where the lithium and niobium cations are displaced...
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Lithium niobate modulators
Polymer-based modulators
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