Conclusion
Outsourcing challenges in pharmaceutical supply chains

All the crises of recent years, as well as problems of drug supply and disruption, have highlighted Europe's lack of pharmaceutical sovereignty. It was only after the health crisis of 2020 that governments became aware of their dependence and began to put in place measures to help relocate certain pharmaceutical activities to European soil. Hundreds of millions of euros were spent by the French government on calls for projects to reverse the relocation trend. However, out of 106 projects financed by the French Recovery Plan and France 2030, only 18 involved real "relocation", and only 5 concerned a strategic drug.

This necessarily raises questions about the French government's ability to implement an industrial strategy that has an impact on pharmaceutical companies' strategies, especially in the absence of a coordinated European health policy due to poorly harmonized...