1. Icing, ice type and anti-icing protection
Icing conditions result from the simultaneous existence of a negative temperature and water droplets in liquid form (cloud, fog). Given their small size (10 to 40 μm), these drops remain liquid even though the temperature can reach – 40°C.
Typically, an aircraft may encounter icing conditions at altitudes of between 900 and 5,800 meters (3,000 and 19,000 feet) and at temperatures of between 0 and – 20°C (figure 1).
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Icing, ice type and anti-icing protection
Bibliography
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(1) - LANGMUIR (I.), BOLDGETT (K.A.) - Mathematical investigation of water droplet trajectories. - Army Air Forces Technical Report, n° 5418, fev. 1946.
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(2) - MAKKONEN (L.J.) - Heat transfer and icing of a rough cylinder. - Journal of cold region science and technology, 10, p. 105-116 (1985).
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