Urban canopy boundary layer heat island
Urban heat islands

The urban heat island phenomenon has been observed on every continent. In the world's major conurbations, its amplitude can easily exceed 10°C. The shape of the urban heat island is unique to each city and depends on topography, the layout of wooded areas, rivers and water bodies, and the form and function of the built environment.

The amplitude of the urban heat island is measured using air temperature probes. The probes are placed in naturally or mechanically ventilated weather shelters. These sensor-equipped shelters are often integrated into...