Are IoT long-distance radio protocols secure?
IoT cybersecurity risks: an overview of the main threats

Low-power wide area (LPWA) networks are radio communication technologies whose main characteristics are to cover potentially large distances at very low bit rates, and to exchange a limited amount of data.

An LPWA network consists of a fleet of terminals, a "communications provider" and usually an "applications provider".

Terminals are "low-cost". They have low computing, power and memory capacities. Owned by a service provider, they are used, for example, to take measurements (temperature, electricity, etc.), geolocate, monitor sensitive sites or manage the transport of goods.

The application provider is a service provider who owns the terminals. To interact with the terminals (i.e., receive data or send commands to the terminals), the service provider uses a communication network provided by the communication provider...