Problems caused by deformation
Selection guide for the treatment of tool steels

As mentioned in the article [M 1 135] , there are two types of deformation that cannot be considered independently of each other: change of volume and change of shape. The change in volume, linked to structural transformations, can be better understood and controlled, while the change in shape, linked to the relaxation of all internal stresses, can be minimized by a few practical rules. The table at 5 summarizes the problem of deformations, with the important parameters and the main means of action.