Mechanical loading
Composite pipes — Beading study

Depending on its position in the pipe system, the means of attachment, the temperature, and the irregular or cyclical use made of it, a pipe can be subjected to internal or external pressure, bending, tension or compression and torsion. It can also buckle, shock and vibrate. No studies have been carried out to assess the influence of all these loading modes on beading.

The main mechanical loading of a tube is internal pressure. As previously mentioned (see § 3.3