9. Recycling
When steel is recycled, the widely distributed niobium is not recovered as such. It is estimated that the American steel industry recycles around 20% of niobium.
However, 12% of the niobium contained in niobium-based superalloys or alloys is recovered [57].
The size of niobium resources and the wide dispersion of niobium in steels do not contribute to increasing the recovery effort.
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External recovery (return to transformers) is...
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Recycling