2. Experimental characterization
A distinction is made between "direct" metallographic observations, to characterize the size, shape and distribution of microcavities considered individually or collectively (quantitative image analysis), and measurements of physical parameters to characterize damage globally.
2.1 Direct observations of damage
The metallographic examination of microcavities (or microcracks) presents a number of practical difficulties. What's more, as the distribution of cavities is highly heterogeneous, numerous ranges must be observed in order to establish a statistical description of the state of the damaged material.
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The methods used were presented in detail and illustrated with numerous examples in . They...
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Experimental characterization
Shaping instabilities
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