Principles of refractory lining
Pouring and transfer ladle - Refractory lining and thermal aspects

The design of the refractory lining must minimize the temperature loss of the liquid metal between filling the ladle and pouring the last mold on site.

To meet this requirement, the refractory lining must consist of an insulating layer against the ladle's metal casing, and a refractory layer resistant to liquid metal alloys. The respective thicknesses depend on the ladle capacity, the temperature of the liquid metal and the nature of the refractory materials used. In addition to suitable thermal properties, the particle size structure of the hot face is matched to its thickness (10 times the diameter of the largest refractory grain). For example, with "grade 7 mm" refractory, the minimum thickness will be 7 x 10 = 70 mm....