The Payne effect
Rubber reinforcement

This effect is classically observed on variations in the complex shear modulus, real part G′ and imaginary part G′′, as a function of strain at constant frequency and temperature.

For low strains (generally below 100%), the behavior of the elastomer matrix alone is linear with respect to the applied strain. The addition of fillers leads to the appearance of non-linear behavior in the same range of deformations, as shown in figures 4...