2. Overview of ferroelectric domain detection techniques
Here we list the main techniques used to determine the morphology of ferroelectric domains. This section does not claim to go into the details of these methods, nor to be exhaustive. It simply aims to position near-field techniques in relation to their main competitors.
2.1 Optical techniques
2.1.1 Polarized light observation
One of the oldest techniques for visualizing ferroelectric domains is to use the birefringent nature of these materials: their optical index is not the same in all directions. If the crystals are placed...
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Overview of ferroelectric domain detection techniques
General principle of contact-mode atomic force microscopy
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