Industrial example
Introduction to phased array ultrasonic techniques

In non-destructive testing, pipe intersections, known as tappings, are particularly difficult components to examine due to their complex geometry.

In the nuclear industry, some of these tappings are required by law to be examined in their entirety as components potentially subject to thermal fatigue. The procedures implemented must be capable of detecting any open defects in the inner wall, located in the rounding of the connection between the two pipes, primary and secondary (figure 33 ). Note that this cylinder-cylinder intersection is not cylindrically symmetrical, but rather has a "saddle horse" shape. Furthermore,...