Torsion springs
Springs - Bending stresses

Torsion springs are derived from leaf springs of uniform cross-section subjected to a constant moment 4.1 , but they are wound in a spiral or helix and use the elastic rotation θ of one of their ends under the action of a moment M.

When manufactured cold, springs have, in fact, undergone preconformation through cold coiling. The spring must be used in the same direction of rotation. Otherwise, performance will be considerably...