Dynamic stresses: vibrations, earthquakes
Piping

Vibrations and dynamic stresses have always been a problem when operating piping systems, for example in ships, where the rolling motion subjects them to strong vibrations.

Theoretical studies are still very complex.

On the other hand, direct intervention on site is relatively easy, since the effects of an added fastener are immediately visible. Additional fasteners can therefore be planned and tested, and the permissible vibration amplitudes obtained. However, care must be taken to ensure that the added fasteners do not excessively impede the thermal expansion of the piping.

In the case of protection against a possible earthquake, it is no longer possible to intervene directly...