Application to numerical simulation
Deep-drawing tribology

The phenomena described above are complex and interactive. Deformation of the sheet's asperities modifies their geometry and the intensity of microhydrodynamic effects: the initial state of the sheet is not its actual state during friction. Currently, there is no friction model that takes all these phenomena into account, and the description of friction in numerical simulation codes is highly simplified. Let's take a brief look at the situation. First, let's take a look at a rather old, but interesting, work based on the simulation of a pure expansion operation with hydrodynamic effects taken into account.