5. Impacts on ecosystem functions and services
In the scientific literature, the effects of PPPs on ecosystem functions are mainly addressed through the study of biological activities carried out by impacted organisms and the ecological processes to which they contribute. Ecosystem functions are more rarely chosen as the object of analysis as such, and it is generally difficult to assess the effects of PPPs on ecosystem functioning.
In the context of this appraisal, and based on the definition proposed in 2018 by Brodie et al.
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Impacts on ecosystem functions and services