Consequences of degradation reactions
Understanding and mitigation of Li-ion batteries ageing

LLI (Loss of Lithium Inventory): irreversible loss of exchangeable cyclable lithium between the positive and negative electrode during charge/discharge cycles. The initial amount of exchangeable lithium is associated with the capacity remaining after the formation stage within the positive electrode active material.

LAM (Loss of Active Material): loss of active material within the positive and/or negative electrode associated with electronic disconnection of particles and/or crystallographic modification.

ICA (Incremental Capacity Analysis): a method used to study the state of health of batteries by monitoring the electrochemical properties of the cell, based on voltage measurements under a constant charge or discharge current. The ICA curve defines the variation in capacity over the variation in voltage....