Monitoring, control and operation of the EDF distribution network
Distribution networks - Design and sizing

The first source substations, which were generally guarded, only featured immediate automatic cut-off systems on feeders that had suffered a fault.

It was then found that, after manual restart, the start often held, the fault having disappeared. Hence the idea of automatic reclosing after tripping, limiting the duration of the outage to the minimum required to extinguish non-permanent faults.

However, even after automatic reclosing had failed, successful manual reenergizing was observed. We then added an automatic device, connected to the busbar, which briefly grounds the faulty phase before automatic opening (shunt circuit-breaker).

In this way, a certain number of boot-ups can...