2. Commercially available freezers
The range of cryorefrigerators on the market is constantly expanding, thanks to numerous applications in industry and research laboratories. In recent years, the possibility of reaching the temperature of liquid helium (4 K) has opened up new markets and brought new machines onto the market.
2.1 Gifford Mac-Mahon refrigerators
Gifford Mac Mahon (GM) cryocoolers were invented in the mid-1950s by William Gifford and Howard Mac Mahon at A.D. Little Inc. They were commercialized in the early 1970s in the USA, and were soon used in the development of cryopumps for the semiconductor industry. They also enabled the commercial development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Today, they are also used in superconductivity applications and in research laboratories to...
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Commercially available freezers
A few examples of applications
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