Non-destructive nuclear measurement: need and motivation
Non-destructive nuclear measurement in the fuel cycle. Part 1

This refers to all the operations involved in producing fuel and managing it once it has been irradiated and removed from the nuclear reactor. A closed cycle is used when irradiated fuel is reprocessed, and an open cycle when it is not.

Figure 1 shows the main stages in the fuel cycle in schematic form. These are mainly extraction, conversion, enrichment, fabrication and finally reprocessing of nuclear fuel in the case of a closed cycle, and direct storage in the case of an open cycle ( Instrumentation for monitoring nuclear materials).

The vast majority of radioactive waste is produced throughout...