Conclusion
Photovoltaics — Technical, Economic, and Environmental Aspects

Photovoltaics is the carbon-free, renewable source of electricity with the greatest global potential, both in terms of its competitiveness and its capacity and speed of deployment without impacting natural areas and agricultural land. It is a unique asset that will enable humanity to achieve carbon neutrality as quickly as possible.

As its market share grows, challenges are emerging regarding its integration into power grids due to its intermittency and its inability to contribute to grid stability.

Nevertheless, we are entering a second phase of deployment that will need to address these limitations by, on the one hand, shifting consumption away from peak production times; on the other hand, pairing photovoltaic systems with stationary storage batteries—whose prices have plummeted in recent years—to “smooth out ” the midday production peak, and finally by systematically deploying “grid-forming”...