Safety and environmental protection
Hydroformylation of alkenes (or olefins)

Security

The nature of the products used (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, gaseous alkenes) and the operating conditions mean that aldehyde synthesis processes are subject to safety regulations, which define hazardous areas and impose the type of equipment to be used in the presence of flammable products (so-called safety or leak-proof equipment). The danger is linked to the explosive and flammable nature of reagents and the toxicity of carbon monoxide [31] .

Components of the catalytic systems, notably triphenylphosphine (TPP) and the sodium salt of tri(metasulfophenyl)phosphine, exhibit relatively low toxicity (LD50 in rats 1.6 g/kg for TPP and 5 g/kg for TPPTS).

Environmental protection...