Examples of Application
Genetic and evolutionary algorithms

The fields of application of evolutionary algorithms are extremely diverse and involve researchers and engineers from a wide range of disciplines.

• Numerical optimisation: EAs are particularly well suited to problems in which the objective functions are complex, high-dimensional, irregular, non-differentiable, or only partially known.

• Combinatorial optimisation: Applications include graph-theoretic problems (such as the travelling salesman and graph colouring), task sequencing, resource allocation, scheduling, and knapsack problems. Efficient solutions are most often obtained through hybridisation of EAs with classical optimisation techniques. This domain has stimulated extensive research on representation schemes and constraint-handling mechanisms.

• Artificial intelligence and cognitive sciences: The adaptive...