4. Propagation losses (TL)
4.1 Notion of convergence zone (ZC)
Zones of convergence (ZC) (figure 5) occur when the emitter is close to the surface (HMS) and the rays plunge towards the bottom due to a negative celerity gradient (figure 14). If the water level is high enough, these rays will be refracted and rise towards the surface, concentrating in a small ring.
A bathycelerimetric profile conducive to this type of acoustic field is the so-called "November", not because it occurs...
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Propagation losses (TL)
Reflective index (TS)
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