The configuration of the launcher and its environment are not perfectly known on the day of the flight. To guarantee a sufficient probability of reaching orbit, it is necessary to plan for propellant reserves, particularly on the last stage.
Let us note me the total propellant mass of the final stage, ms its dry mass, mr the reserve mass, mu the payload mass and ve the ejection velocity. The initial and final masses are Mi and Mf and the impulse delivered by the stage is :
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