1. Tunnel boring machine development
If a tunnel boring machine (TBM) is defined as a machine used to dig a tunnel in a full cross-section, then Brunel's machine is the first to meet this definition. This machine dug a tunnel under the River Thames between 1825 and 1843. The machine was supported by a brick-arch tunnel lining, and shutters on the tunnel face enabled workers to excavate material from different platform levels (figure 1a).
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Tunnel boring machine development
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