Thermal management solutions for electronic systems through liquid-vapor phase change
Cooling of electronics by liquid-vapour phase change

The thermal issues associated with the operation of electronic systems, discussed in the first part of this article, all require heat to be extracted from the electronic components, which act as the heat source, and then transported to a location where it can be dissipated more or less directly to the ambient air, which acts as the cold source. In some specific applications, ambient air may not be the heat sink. In space, for example, the cosmic vacuum is the cold source towards which heat is dissipated by radiation (absence of air).