A mode propagating in a uniform guide experiences losses inherent to the materials making up the structure. These losses can be of two types:
dielectric or magnetic losses in the substrates;
losses in the conductors.
Both types of loss involve dissipative effects and result from imperfections in the conductors and dielectrics that make up the waveguides. The solution of the electric fields E0 and magnetic H0 in a z-axis-oriented waveguide with low losses is generally expressed as:
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