Conclusion
MMIC. Oscillators, mixers, frequency converters

Together with amplification, the functions of wave generation or oscillator, frequency conversion (mixer) and signal modulation complete the building blocks of high-frequency integrated systems. The architectures and technological solutions described in this article will remain valid for MMICs operating in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges. For lower frequencies, possible developments are linked to the shift from analog functions to mixed or fully digital solutions.