4. Interactions between rare earth ions
When the concentration of rare earth ions is increased in a host matrix, either for the same type of ion or for different types (codoping), ion-ion interactions occur. Generally speaking, the phenomenon takes place when the average distance between the two ions reaches some 2 nm, i.e. assuming a uniform distribution, when the ion concentration reaches some 1027 m–3. If the ions are found in clusters, interaction can occur as early as 1023 ions · m–3.
4.1 Different types of energy transfer between rare-earth ions
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Interactions between rare earth ions
Host matrices and associated effects
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