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Occupational exposure to noise is a significant source of risk for workers. It affects their health, both in terms of hearing damage (deafness) and non-auditory effects (fatigue, stress, etc.). The French Labor Code sets requirements regarding workers’ exposure to noise, the acoustic treatment of work premises, and the noise emission levels of machinery. The employer is responsible for ensuring compliance with these requirements. This document aims to provide occupational safety and health professionals with the knowledge necessary to understand, measure, and reduce noise in the workplace. It also aims to place noise control at the heart of a comprehensive occupational health and safety strategy and sustainable performance.
Nowadays, in the research of long-term solutions to limit the earth global warming due to green-house gas (GHG), the construction and building sector can play an important role. The setting of bio-based materials in new buildings or for renovation seems a reliable way of sustainability and tempo-rary carbon storage.This paper aims at analyzing the physical phenomena and issues, by taking into account the moment and duration of the GHG storage and emissions: which type of bio-based material: agro-ressource or wood ; which lifespan for the buildings and the materials ; amount of carbon uptake in each plant, dissolution kinetics of GHG; which end of life scenario.
Bio-based plastics and recycled plastics are more and more often used in packaging in France and elsewhere. These materials are complementary to the virgin plastics of fossil origin. They bring new functionalities and added-value to plastic and flexible packaging. Studies all predict a growth of these plastics in the years to come, but the growth rate is still uncertain.This article describes the current situation, the determining factors of this growth and the principal initiatives taken in response to the challenge of developing bio-based and recycled plastics in packaging.
Biomass valorisation is at the heart of the energetic resources’ issues in the twenty-first century. Mainly regarding wet biomass, supercritical water gasification is an interesting process to produce a valuable energetic gas, due to its non-fossil origin. The operating conditions of supercritical water processes, the influence of the main conditions on the nature and conversion yield of this process are detailed in this paper. The most important laboratory pilots are presented, together with the first industrial developments.
Waste as a whole is more than ever a global problem. Consumer society has encouraged the use of raw materials to manufacture various objects, which are then either thrown into the sea (the 7th continent of plastic in the Pacific) or buried (in disused quarries or landfills) without any thought of reusing them. This waste can be inert, non-hazardous, or hazardous, even highly hazardous, and is always bulky. The eternal question is: how do we want to leave the planet to our children? It is a question to which we ALL must provide a quick and valid answer. For several years now, there has been talk of landfill, then treatment (at waste production sites or specific locations); this raises the issue of waste transport, hence the problem of illegal dumping.
The management of landfill and treated effluent from buried waste degradation is regulated by the ministerial decree of the 15th of February 2016. In a situation with zero environmental release of treated effluent, slow rotation coppice (SRC) plantations could offer a solution for the in situ discharge of treated effluent. This article presents the methodology and recommended good practices for managing an SRC plantation on marginal land such as a landfill site.
The ecological footprint of this Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is not limited to energy and climate problems but is also a consequence of the many rare or critical metals they contain. Recycling WEEE would work towards meeting the growing demand for mineral raw materials, while limiting their mining extraction. In a context of instability of international raw materials markets, this article focuses on a selection of metals contained in WEEE and on the various current and developing industrial pathways aimed at recycling them.
Inspired from Nature Based Solutions, eco-design of maritime infrastructures is one of the pragmatics, technically and economically, responses to achieve legal mitigation objectives, adapted to each environment and aesthetically concerns to the natural underwater landscapes. This article presents the bases for the realization of eco-designed maritime infrastructures functional and efficient in terms of civil engineering and ecology, to enhance its integration into coastal or marine ecosystems. The original methodological approach, for the realization of eco-designed projects, is supported by concrete examples. The development of maritime territories is depicted from the perspective of ecological transition and additional biological conservation targets supported by human infrastructures.
Rivers are extremely diverse ecosystems in terms of size, geographic location, hydraulic and ecological specificities. However, it is possible to identify common points relating to their ecology and the functional processes that take place there; this makes it possible to develop studies and analysis methods common to all rivers and to identify optimized operating and management rules. Rivers, like all terrestrial environments, are seriously threatened by human development. After an overview of the major hydro-ecological characteristics of rivers, this article addresses ecological restoration tools and methods, based on a regional example developed in the Beaujolais region.
Biological treatments are efficient processes in their fields of application. They do not require sophisticated technologies, are simple to implement and relatively inexpensive. However, a good know-how is necessary for an effective and long-lasting implementation. This article first describes the main types of solid and sludge biodegradable organic waste concerned. Then it presents the types of microbial metabolism in order to define the resulting treatment families. The aerobic and anaerobic processes are then described in their objectives, their parameters and their mode of implementation, before being illustrated by examples of application.
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