9. Industrial water
In 2016, French industry (excluding energy production) withdrew 2.5 km 3 , of which 1.48 km 3 was surface water (59.1%) and 1.02 km 3 groundwater (40.9%). Water use in industry is highly varied, as are water management methods (open circuit, recycling, reuse).
9.1 Industrial water use
The main uses of water can be summarized in three main categories:
water as a thermal fluid for heating or cooling: steam produced by boilers, chilled water, open, closed or semi-open cooling circuits;
water as one of the raw materials in a manufacturing process,...
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Industrial water
Reuse of treated wastewater
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