2. Cellulose: the essentials
Cellulose is present in all higher plants and some animals, and can also be produced by bacteria.
2.1 Structure and polymorphism
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Chemically speaking, these are D-glucopyranose units linked by β-1,4 bonds. Adjacent monomer units are arranged so that the glycosidic oxygens point in opposite directions, and the repeating unit (monomer) of the cellulose polymer chain is composed of two β-D-glucopyranose rings rotated relative to each other to form what is called a "cellobiose unit" (figure 1 ).
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Cellulose: the essentials
Nanocellulose: terms and typology
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