4. Laminates and sandwiches
In this section, the properties of the most common composites and sandwich materials will be briefly presented. It should be noted that there are a large number of standardized tests for characterizing the properties of composite materials ([21], [22] and [23]). Many of these tests have been developed by the aerospace industry, and their limitations, as far as marine composites are concerned, will be discussed below.
The properties of primary interest to those designing marine structures are stiffness moduli (EL, ET, GLT, νLT) and strengths (tensile, compressive and shear) in the main orthotropic directions.
A test campaign can be very costly. This is why we rely on simple models (mixture laws) and on the experience of classification societies. A recent ISO standard
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Laminates and sandwiches
Design and calculation of marine structures
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