Conclusion
Extractive metallurgy and recycling of titanium and its alloys

Extractive titanium metallurgy is extremely delicate and costly, which implies high raw material prices; the most widely used process is the Kroll process, and although other techniques are being considered, their industrial viability has not yet been demonstrated. Similarly, production methods are fairly sophisticated, and the VAR process is still the most widely used, complemented by techniques such as cold hearth remelting (CHR) or skull remelting. This makes it possible to obtain materials containing even fewer inclusions, and at an acceptable yield compared with the VAR process, given the possibility of quasi-continuous casting. The ingots obtained are first processed using conventional techniques for steel, aluminum, nickel-based alloys, etc.

To manufacture semi-finished products, considerable experience is required, as the customer is not only interested...