Thin film applications
Photovoltaic modules - Technical and economic aspects

There are a multitude of price/performance/quality options for small modules, in both professional and low-power consumer applications, where they are integrated by the manufacturers themselves into their own housings.

For the general public, these include items as diverse as pocket calculators, watches, doorbells, flashlights, presence detectors, garden lights, car sunroofs, and flexible modules for camping and boating.

For professionals, there are electric fences, scientific instrumentation, urban parking meters, highway emergency telephones, welding helmets, lightning rods, etc.

Below 5 Wp, product performance is not determined by power density (efficiency), nor by price per watt-peak (Wp)....