Principles of technical loss calculation – theoretical tools
Energy alance and Technical Losses in an Electrical Network

On an annual time scale, the differences in meter readings can be used to determine the volume of energy that has passed through a given point. This is the most reliable data possible.

On a defined geographical and electrical perimeter and on an annual time step, an incoming energy flow, measured by an upstream meter, and an outgoing one, measured by one or more downstream meters; the difference in energy volume between these meters will make it possible to determine the volumes of energy "lost" over the interval as being the sum of technical and non-technical losses.

This balance is therefore expressed in megawatt-hours (MWh), an energy unit.

Energy variations at the meter can skew this...