Industrial implementation
Fabrication processes of membranes by phase separation

On an industrial scale, polymer membrane processes, the theoretical foundations of which have already been described, are used to produce membranes with flat geometries, used for planar or spiral-wound modules, or cylindrical geometries, constituting the elementary unit of hollow-fiber modules. See 2.1 for an overview of the processes most commonly used in the industry, and a summary of the ranges of variation in the various operating conditions. Depending on the process and operating conditions selected, different membrane structures can be obtained: dense or porous membranes, and in the latter case, asymmetrical...